Ylang-Ylang I EO

Latin name :

Cananga odorata

Botanical profile :

The ylang-ylang is the flower of a tree of the Annonaceae family and the genus Cananga.

Geographic origin :

Originally from Southeast Asia, Ylang-Ylang is now grown mainly in the Comoros, Madagascar and the Philippines

Chemotypes :

Ylang has another similar specie, also used in perfumery, but in smaller quantities: Cananga genuina.
There is also the Cananga macrophylla, widespread in Indonesia, which gives the Cananga EO, by hydrodistillation. This essential oil has a lower quality and is less expensive.

Finally, there are four main ''false ylang '' that also belongs to the Annonaceae family :
The Harachampala (Artabotrys Hexapetalus), grown in India and Sri Lanka. The grains of selim, a Guinean and Ethiopian pepper (Xylopia aethiopica), whose flowers give an essential oil with Eucalyptol.
The Monkey pepper (Xylopia aromatica).
The Monodora citriodora which provides a Citral essential oil.

Extraction process :

The Canaga odorata is a tree that can measure 20 to 30 meters in height. To facilitate the harvest of the flowers, the trees are topped at two meters height throughout their life. In addition, each branch, called ''epicormic shoot '', is cut to stress the tree so it produces a maximum of flowers to ensure the sustainability of it specie. The branches fall back to the ground, and flowers are found under the leaves. Green at first, then yellow when ripe.
The ylang-ylang flower is cultivated all year long in a tropical or sub-tropical climate (flowering is more abundant from November to April). At maturity, the base of the flowers turns red. The harvest is done in the morning, from 5am to 8am, to prevent the evaporation of the aromatic molecules of the flower during the day. The harvest is done manually by women and the flowers are collected in baskets (5 kg of flowers per hour, knowing that a flower weighs no more than two grams!) and weighed at the factory.
During the same day, the flowers are subjected to a steam distillation. This means that the most volatile molecules are collected in the very first fraction called ''Extra '', followed by fraction I, II and III. The flower can also be totally distilled in a single fraction, called ''complete essential oil ''.
The extraction of ylang-ylang often turns around 2%, regardless of its fractionation. An adult tree can produce 10 to 20 kg of flowers per year.
It is finally possible to extract the flowers with a volatile solvent, to obtain a concrete and an absolute. No fractionation is possible with this process.
Ylang-ylang essential oils can be rectified by distillation to remove insoluble compounds.

Major Components :

Composition may change according to origins.

For Comores & Mayotte :
Germacrène-D (10 - 24%)
Farnesene (7 - 18%)
Benzyl Acetate (6 - 14%)
Benzyl Benzoate (4,2 - 9,2%)
Beta-Caryophyllene (4 - 10%)
Linalool (3 - 10%)
para-Cresol Methyl Ether (3 - 8,5%)
Cinnamyl acetate (Z) (2,2 - 5%)
Geranyl acetate (2 - 5%)
Benzyl Salycilate (2 - 4%)
Methyl Benzoate (1,5 - 5,5%)
Cinnamyl acetate (E) (1 - 4%)
Farnesol (0,8 - 2%)
Prenyl acetate (0,3 - 1,8%)
Geraniol (0,1 - 0,3%)

For Madagascar :
Germacrène-D (9,5 - 18%)
Geranyl acetate (8 - 15%)
Beta-Caryophyllene (5,5 - 12%)
para-Cresol Methyl Ether (5 - 10%)
Benzyl Benzoate (4,5 - 8%)
Farnesene (3 - 8%)
Methyl Benzoate (3 - 5%)
Benzyl Acetate (2,8 - 10%)
Linalool (1,9 - 12%)
Benzyl Salycilate (1,6 - 4%)
Geraniol (1,6 - 2,6%)
Cinnamyl acetate (E) (1 - 2%)
Cinnamyl acetate (Z) (0,5 - 2%)
Prenyl acetate (0,2 - 1%)
Farnesol (0,1 - 2,5%)